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image_credit – ByteByteGo
Hello friends, Software design and System Design a critical aspects of the development process that can significantly impact the success and maintainability of a project.
While mastering software design takes time and experience, there are key best practices that developers can quickly learn to enhance the quality of their code.
Earlier, I have explained key system design concepts like API Gateway vs load balancer, Forward Proxy vs Reverse Proxy as well common System Design problem, for System Design design interview but in this article I will talk about best practices.
You will learn coding best practices you can use while coding, programming best practices when you are creating programs and software design practices, and higher-level best practices you can consider while designing software.
Btw, if you are preparing for System design interviews and want to learn System Design in-depth then you can also check out sites like ByteByteGo, Design Guru, Exponent, Educative, Codemia.io and Udemy which have many great System design courses
Also, knowledge of various Architecture patterns like Peer to Peer Patterns, and API Gateway goes a long way in designing systems that can withstand the test of time on production, on that note, here is a nice diagram from DesignGuru.io on Microservices architecture:
P.S. Keep reading until the end. I have a bonus for you.
10 System Design + Coding + Programming Best Practices to Learn
In this article, we’ll explore 10 essential software design best practices that can be grasped in just 10 minutes.
1. Modularity
modularity is about breaking down a complex system into smaller, manageable, and independent modules.
When modularity is not followed, code becomes convoluted, challenging to maintain, and lacks the flexibility to adapt to changes.
Embracing modularity leads to a more organized, reusable, and scalable codebase, making development and maintenance more efficient.
Here are things you can do to achieve modularity in your project
- Divide your code into small, independent modules.
- Each module should have a well-defined responsibility or functionality.
- Promotes reusability and maintainability.
Example: Consider a banking application. Instead of having a monolithic block of code handling all aspects (e.g., account management, transactions, authentication), break it into modular components like** **AccountManager**, **TransactionProcessor**, and **AuthenticationService**. Each module is responsible for a specific function, promoting code organization and reusability.
2. Encapsulation
Encapsulation is a fundamental concept in object-oriented programming that involves bundling the data (attributes) and methods (functions) that operate on the data into a single unit known as a class.
The key idea is to encapsulate or shield the internal details of an object from the outside world, allowing controlled access to the object’s functionality.
Access to the internal state of an object is typically restricted, and interactions with the object are facilitated through well-defined interfaces.
Encapsulation promotes a more secure, maintainable, and understandable codebase by restricting direct access to an object’s internal state. Following encapsulation principles results in code that is easier to manage, update, and debug.
Failure to encapsulate can lead to unpredictable behavior, increased dependencies, and difficulties in maintaining and evolving the software over time.
Here are things you can do to achieve better Encapsulation in your code
- Encapsulate the internal details of a module, exposing only what’s necessary.
- Use access modifiers to control visibility (e.g., public, private, protected).
- Reduces dependencies and isolates changes.
Example
Consider a **BankAccount** class. Without encapsulation, all the attributes (e.g., balance, account number) and methods (e.g., deposit, withdraw) might be public, allowing external code to directly manipulate these variables.
However, by applying encapsulation, these attributes are made private, and methods are provided to interact with them. For instance, a withdraw method would perform necessary validations before updating the balance.
This encapsulation ensures that the internal state of a BankAccount object is protected, and interactions occur through controlled methods.
3. Consistent Naming Conventions
Consistent Naming Conventions are a set of guidelines for naming variables, functions, classes, and other code entities in a uniform and standardized manner.
Adopting consistent naming conventions across a codebase enhances readability, maintainability, and collaboration among developers. T
These conventions define a common language for expressing the purpose and role of each code entity, making it easier for developers to understand and work with the code.
Example:
Consider a scenario where you have a class representing a customer in an e-commerce application. With consistent naming conventions, attributes and methods related to the customer might follow a pattern such as **customerId**, **customerName**, and **getCustomerDetails()**.
Without consistent naming, you might encounter variations like custID, cust_Name, and fetchDetailsForClient(). The former provides a clear, standardized approach, while the latter can lead to confusion and increased cognitive load for developers
Here are things you can do to achieve consistent naming in your project:
- Adopt a consistent naming convention for variables, functions, and classes.
- Enhances code readability and makes it easier for others to understand your code.
- Follow established naming conventions in the programming language or framework you’re using.
In short, consistent naming conventions are essential for creating maintainable, readable, and collaborative code.
By establishing and adhering to a standard set of rules for naming code entities, development teams can foster a shared understanding of the codebase, streamline collaboration, and enhance overall software quality.
4. SOLID Principles
SOLID is an acronym representing a set of five design principles in object-oriented programming that aim to create more maintainable, scalable, and flexible software.
These principles were introduced by Robert C. Martin in his classic book Clean Code and are considered foundational for building robust, object-oriented systems.
Here are things you can do to implement the SOLID principle in your project:
- Learn and apply SOLID principles (Single Responsibility, Open/Closed, Liskov Substitution, Interface Segregation, Dependency Inversion).
- Helps create more scalable, flexible, and maintainable software.
Adhering to SOLID principles promotes the creation of high-quality, maintainable, and scalable software.
These principles provide a guideline for designing flexible and modular systems that can evolve with changing requirements and are easier to understand and extend over time.
5. DRY (Don’t Repeat Yourself)
DRY, or Don’t Repeat Yourself, is a software development principle that encourages the elimination of code duplication.
The idea is to promote code reusability and maintainability by ensuring that a particular piece of knowledge (code, logic, or functionality) is expressed in only one place in the codebase.
DRY aims to reduce redundancy, improve consistency, and make the codebase more efficient.
Example:
Imagine you have a web application where user information needs to be validated in multiple places — during user registration, login, and profile updates.
Without adhering to DRY, you might have similar validation logic duplicated in each of these scenarios.
However, by applying DRY, you could create a centralized validation module or function that is reused across all these contexts.
Any changes or updates to the validation rules can then be made in one place, ensuring consistency and minimizing the chance of errors due to inconsistent rules.
Here are things you can do to achieve DRY in your project:
- Avoid duplicating code; instead, create reusable functions or classes.
- Reduces the risk of bugs and makes code easier to maintain.
In summary, DRY is a fundamental principle that promotes code efficiency, consistency, and maintainability.
By eliminating redundancy and centralizing knowledge, developers create code that is easier to read, update, and extend, ultimately leading to more robust and sustainable software.
6. Separation of Concerns
Separation of Concerns (SoC) is a software design principle that advocates for dividing a computer program into distinct and independent sections, each addressing a specific concern or aspect of functionality.
The goal is to isolate different responsibilities and ensure that each component is focused on a single task, making the system more modular, maintainable, and comprehensible.
Example:
**Consider a web application that handles both user authentication and data retrieval from a database.
Without separation of concerns, the code responsible for authentication and the code handling database queries might be tightly intertwined.**
However, by applying SoC, these concerns are separated into different modules. The authentication module handles user authentication logic, and the data retrieval module manages interactions with the database.
This separation allows for easier maintenance, as changes in one concern do not affect the other.
Here are things you can do to achieve better separation of concern in your software:
- Divide your code into distinct sections, each handling a specific concern.
- Improves code organization and makes it easier to understand and maintain.
In summary, Separation of Concerns is a fundamental principle that contributes to the clarity, maintainability, and scalability of software.
By isolating different concerns into distinct modules or components, developers can create systems that are easier to understand, modify, and extend, leading to more robust and adaptable software architectures.
7. Error Handling
Error handling is a critical aspect of software development that involves managing and responding to unexpected situations or errors during the execution of a program.
Proper error handling ensures that a software application can gracefully handle exceptions, providing meaningful feedback to users and preventing catastrophic failures.
Effective error handling involves anticipating potential issues, identifying error points, and implementing strategies to manage and recover from errors.
Example:
Imagine a web application that interacts with a database to retrieve user information. Without proper error handling, if the database connection fails or a query encounters an issue, the application might crash or display an obscure error message to the user.
However, with robust error handling, the application could catch these exceptions, log the error details for debugging, and present a user-friendly message indicating that there’s an issue with the database connectivity.
Here are things you can do to achieve better error handling in your application:
- Implement proper error-handling mechanisms to gracefully handle unexpected situations.
- Use try-catch blocks or similar constructs to handle exceptions.
In summary, error handling is a fundamental aspect of software development that enhances the resilience, usability, and security of applications.
Neglecting proper error handling can result in poor user experiences, security vulnerabilities, and difficulties in diagnosing and addressing issues. A robust error-handling strategy is essential for creating reliable and user-friendly software.
8. Comments and Documentation
Comments and documentation are crucial elements in software development that enhance code comprehension, maintainability, and collaboration.
Comments are annotations within the code that provide additional information, explanations, or context, while documentation refers to external descriptions of the code’s purpose, structure, and usage.
Both contribute to creating a comprehensive understanding of the software for developers, maintainers, and other stakeholders.
Example:
Consider a complex algorithm that involves intricate logic for sorting an array in a specific way. Without comments and documentation, the code might be challenging for other developers to understand.
In this case, you could use comments within the code to explain the purpose of each step, the rationale behind certain decisions, or any potential edge cases.
Additionally, you could provide external documentation that outlines how to use the sorting algorithm, its time complexity, and any performance considerations.
Here are things you can do to achieve better documentation in your project:
- Add meaningful comments to explain complex parts of your code.
- Write clear and concise documentation for your codebase.
- Helps others understand your code and accelerates onboarding.
In conclusion, comments and documentation play a crucial role in ensuring the maintainability, readability, and collaborative nature of a codebase.
While well-written code is essential, supplementing it with comments and documentation creates a more holistic and accessible resource for developers and stakeholders.
9. Test-Driven Development (TDD)
Test-Driven Development (TDD) is a software development approach where tests are written before the actual code implementation.
The TDD cycle typically involves three steps: writing a failing test, writing the minimum amount of code to make the test pass, and then refactoring the code while ensuring the tests still pass.
TDD emphasizes the creation of reliable, maintainable code through the continuous and automated testing of software units.
Example:
Suppose you are tasked with developing a function that calculates the factorial of a given number. In TDD, you would start by writing a test that specifies the expected behavior of this function.**
The initial test might assert that the factorial of 5 is equal to 120. This test would fail initially because you haven’t implemented the factorial function yet.
Next, you would write the minimum amount of code necessary to make the test pass. In this case, you would implement the factorial function to correctly calculate the factorial of a given number.
Once the test passes, you might write additional tests for edge cases, such as the factorial of 0 or 1, and repeat the cycle.
Here are things you can do to follow Test Driven Development in your software development:
- Write tests before writing the actual code.
- Ensures that your code meets the specified requirements and is easier to refactor.
In summary, Test-Driven Development is a methodology that promotes a rigorous and systematic approach to software development.
By writing tests first, developers create a safety net for their code, leading to improved reliability, maintainability, and confidence in the software’s correctness.
10. Performance Considerations
Performance considerations are essential in software design to ensure that applications operate efficiently and meet user expectations.
By making informed choices in algorithm selection, data structure design, and resource management, developers can create software that performs well, even under demanding conditions.
Optimization efforts can lead to faster response times, improved scalability, and an overall enhanced user experience.
Here are things you can do to improve the performance of your software:
- Be mindful of performance implications when designing your software.
- Choose appropriate data structures and algorithms.
- Regularly profile and optimize critical sections of your code.
Conclusion:
That’s all guys and friends. In just 10 minutes, developers can familiarize themselves with these fundamental software design best practices.
While software design is a vast and evolving field, adopting these practices will set the foundation for writing clean, maintainable, and scalable code.**
As developers gain more experience, they can delve deeper into advanced design concepts, but mastering these basics is crucial for building robust and efficient software solutions.
Bonus
As promised, here is the bonus for you, a free book. I just found a new free book to learn Distributed System Design, you can also read it here on Microsoft — https://info.microsoft.com/rs/157-GQE-382/images/EN-CNTNT-eBook-DesigningDistributedSystems.pdf
Thanks for reading !!